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Nanotechnology is the breakthrough science and art of manipulating matter on the atomic or molecular scale, not just the size of tiny objects. It is more about the "functional" structure and capabilities of molecular compounds, especially the combination of top-down and bottom-up processes. The ultimate goal of nanoparticle technology is to create products with novel physical and chemical properties by creating atoms, molecules and substances that directly present their characteristics in nanometer length.
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Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles have a high refractive index (n = 2.4), making them ideal for a variety of applications, including medicine, coatings, inks, plastics, food, cosmetics, and textiles.
Anatase (tetragonal), rutile (tetragonal) and brookite (orthogonal) are the three crystal phases of titanium dioxide. Generally, due to their self-cleaning and anti-fog properties, they are used to make fabrics, windows and anti-fog car rearview mirrors.
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles can also be used as environmental disinfectants.
The manufacture of TiO2 nanoparticles uses sol-gel, flame hydrolysis, co-precipitation, impregnation and chemical vapor deposition processes. In particular, researchers are interested in the biosynthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles because it is a cost-effective, environmentally friendly and reproducible method.
The application of titanium dioxide in the field of nanoparticles is very diverse. Some noteworthy examples are discussed in detail here.
Video source: TDMA TitaniumDioxideManufacturersAssociation/YouTube.com
Photocatalysis is a chemical reaction that occurs when light irradiates photosensitive chemical molecules. When light comes into contact with titanium dioxide, a chemical reaction occurs locally, causing organic poisons, odors and other substances to be decomposed. Use includes:
TiO2 helps to remove pollutants from the atmosphere, such as exhaust gas and NO2 released from other sources. In addition, the harmful inorganic SOx in the atmosphere can be decomposed by TiO2.
Titanium dioxide photocatalyst is usually involved in sterilization and virus suppression because of its ability to destroy cell membranes, solidify virus proteins, control virus activation and capture infectious particles. It has been proven to eliminate 99.97% of microorganisms.
Coliform bacteria, Pseudomonas viridans, Staphylococcus aureus, molds, pyogenic fungi and other bacteria are examples of targets that titanium dioxide can kill. For example, studies have proved the bactericidal ability of titanium dioxide against coliform and Staphylococcus aureus; after 24 hours of reaction, 3.3105 coliforms and 3.2105 Staphylococcus aureus groups were reduced to 10.
TiO2 nanoparticles are ideal for wastewater treatment due to their low cost, corrosion resistance and overall stability. They can be used as solid phase extraction (SPE) filling materials to pre-concentrate and extract heavy metals from water for surface water remediation.
Diazinon is an organophosphorus pesticide that exists in groundwater and is classified as a relatively harmful toxin (Class II by the World Health Organization). Ultraviolet light and iron-doped titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles showed a removal efficiency of 98.58% for diazinon.
In addition, TiO2 nanoparticles play a vital role in removing xenobiotics (such as pesticides, dyes, and harmful substances) in wastewater.
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TiO2 nanoparticles have been shown to increase the photosynthesis rate of spinach crops. In other species, more pigmentation was detected in corn sprayed with nano-titanium dioxide during the reproductive stage of the plant, leading to increased crop yields. When applied to tomato plants as an aerosol, TiO2 nanoparticles were found to be more effective than TiO2 nanoparticles used as soil amendments in increasing photosynthesis and lycopene content.
Titanium dioxide has recently developed many different applications in the medical industry. Some of them are discussed here:
Due to its toxicity, traditional chemotherapy cancer treatments can have catastrophic effects on cells. Therefore, the focus is on how to use nanotechnology to diagnose and treat cancer. Currently, the most significant challenge to be overcome is to reduce the side effects of the drug system supported by nanotechnology.
Several strategies have shown promising results, including controlling the amount of drug released to cells or targeting specific cells and delivering drugs to them.
Many studies have shown that TiO2 has inhibitory activity due to photocatalysis, which is mainly due to the excessive production of O2, OH and H2O2 and other highly reactive oxygen products (ROS). Due to its chemical and mechanical properties, titanium is commonly used in dental implants. The long-term success of dental implants depends on infection control and the acquisition of new technologies for implanting implants in bone.
TiO2 nanostructures have been successfully used in basic medical products such as implants to solve some topological issues surrounding titanium implants. Deployment has been proven in bone implants, dental implants, and other applications.
In recent years, the main use of titanium dioxide nanostructures is to clean the environment and produce hydrogen. It is not easy to apply these nanostructured particles to the problems we face in real life, and there are limitations.
One of the biggest issues facing these nanostructures is their efficiency, while other issues revolve around sensitivity and compatibility. However, research is addressing this sensitivity in the visible and infrared regions by modifying the synthesis route.
Continue reading: The role of titanium nanostructures in biomedical applications
Ali, I., Sohail, M., & A. Althoman, Z. (2018) The latest progress in the synthesis, properties and applications of TiO2 nanostructures. RSC progress (53). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA06517A
Baneshi, M., Rezaei.S, Sadat, A., Mousavizadeh, A., & Barafrashtehpour, M. (2017) Photocatalytic degradation of diazinon using iron-doped titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles in the presence of ultraviolet light For the study of aqueous solutions. Biosci Biotech Res Comm (10), 60-67. Website: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Investigation-of-photocatalytic-degradation-of-(-2-Baneshi-Rezaei/5e9181dbcb2db551cb83f8309ee953e28f7f1721
Jafari, S., Mahyad, B., Hashemzadeh, H., Janfaza, S., Gholikhani, T., & Tayebi, L. (2020) Biomedical applications of TiO2 nanostructures: the latest developments. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 15, 3447-3470. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S249441
Waghmode, MS, Gunja, AB, Mulla, ·. J., Patil, NN, & Nawani, NN (2019) Research on titanium dioxide nanoparticles: biosynthesis, application and repair. Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-0337-3
Ziental, D., Czarczynska-Goslinska, B., Mlynarczyk, DT, Glowacka-Sobotta, A., Stanisz, B., Goslinski, T., & Sobotta, L. (2020) Titanium dioxide nanoparticles: medical prospects and applications. Nanomaterials, 10(2), 387. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10020387
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Ibtisam graduated from the Islamabad Institute of Space Technology with a bachelor's degree in aerospace engineering. During his academic career, he participated in multiple research projects and successfully managed multiple extracurricular activities such as International World Space Week and International Aerospace Engineering Conference. Ibtisam participated in an English essay competition during his undergraduate course and has always been interested in research, writing and editing. Soon after graduation, he joined AzoNetwork as a freelancer to improve his skills. Ibtisam likes to travel, especially to the countryside. He has always been a sports fan and likes watching tennis, football and cricket. Ibtisam was born in Pakistan and one day hopes to travel the world, build strong bonds of friendship, and spread the message of peace and love.
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