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A recent review article looked at the potential of nanotechnology in combating severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2), as well as several strategic possibilities for treatment, vaccines, and prevention.
A review article published in the journal Nanomaterials provides insights into recent research using metal nanocomposites as antiviral agents. In addition to discussing SARS-CoV, Middle East Respiratory (MERS)-CoV and Coronavirus, this review also includes other enveloped viruses and RNA viruses as targets for metal nanomaterials.
The new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 that emerged in Wuhan, China in late December 2019 is the chief culprit of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Belonging to the Coronavirus family, there are seven viruses that can infect humans: Human Coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) and Human Coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) (belonging to the genus A Coronavirus), and Human Coronavirus OC43 (HCoV- OC43), Human Coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1), Middle East Respiratory Virus (MERS-CoV), SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 (belonging to Betacoronavirus).
Among them, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 cause severe respiratory diseases, and their pathophysiology is complex, and is related to multiple organ failure, sepsis and death. Despite the low mutation rate (compared to influenza virus), it has been established that COVID-19 variants with increased infectivity, increased severity, and decreased antibody neutralization are emerging worldwide.
The versatility of nanocomposites and nanoparticles allows them to fight infections and prevent viruses, including VOCs, without selective toxicity and side effects. In addition, the fact that viruses use host cell mechanisms to replicate is essential for the development of antiviral drugs that do not harm the host.
The unique size of metal nanoparticles, high surface area to volume ratio, surface plasmon resonance and malleable optical absorption spectra are some of the advantages of using nanotechnology for antiviral strategies-biological coupling, nanocarrier or drug stability, host active oxygen ( ROS), etc.
Metal nanoparticles can attack multiple viral targets, and subsequently produce minimal resistance.
The most effective metal nanoparticles for bacteria and viruses are silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). AgNPs have antiviral and inhibitory activities against TGEV, porcine coronavirus, and as a model of CoV and feline coronavirus (FCoV). Compared with citric acid, the toxicity of AgNPs synthesized from curcumin is lower than that of AgNPs.
Graphene oxide (GO) has also been shown to be effective against coronavirus (Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus-PEDV) and FCoV.
The gold nanoparticle (AuNP) complex has been shown to interact with the dengue fever virus (DENV-2) envelope protein, permanently inhibiting the virus. Studies have also shown that porous AuNP without surfactants reduces the infectivity of various influenza virus strains (H1N1, H3N2, and H9N2).
The reviewer introduced various studies involving nano-metal materials as antiviral drugs and the proposed mechanism of action.
The difficulties of common antiviral drugs include solubility, permeability and absorption, which affect the bioavailability of the drug. Nanoparticle delivery systems for biologically active compounds, immunogenic drugs or proteins can overcome these challenges. After thorough research, the nanocarrier can effectively fight HIV and Dengue virus (DENV) through the cationic complex AuNP-siRNA.
Since there is no known drug that can effectively interfere with the replication of SARS-CoV-2, the reviewers did not directly discuss it as a drug nanocarrier for SARS-CoV-2.
In the ongoing pandemic, vaccination has always been the most effective medical intervention to control infection. Nanoparticles are widely explored as vaccine adjuvants, for example based on lipid and polymer nanomaterials.
The 100 nm gold nanoparticles bound to the S (spike) glycoprotein of avian coronavirus caused a strong immune response in the mouse model.
A recent study proposed a vaccine that combines the immune regulation of AuNP, with antiviral polysaccharides as the upper limit, and loaded with S or N (nucleocapsid) protein from SARS-CoV-2.
Combining diagnosis with the ability to customize metal nanomaterials with specific characteristics may be an important weapon against COVID-19.
Currently, the diagnosis of COVID-19 can be based on the virus sequence, patient antibodies, or SARS-CoV-2 antigen detected from the patient’s nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swab samples (the gold standard for sampling).
Similarly, magnetic nanoparticles can be easily and effectively detected in SARS-CoV-2 through electrochemical, fluorescent or magnetic resonance properties. Magnetic particles can be used to extract SARS-CoV-2 RNA from samples and help improve the detection sensitivity based on amplification methods.
Despite being vaccinated, the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) must be mandatory to prevent the virus from spreading through the vector. The report proved the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of adding metal nanoparticles to these PPEs. Various nano materials used in these PPE products are discussed, such as silver nanoparticles, copper oxide, iodine, and titanium oxide.
It is difficult to develop antiviral drugs for obligate intracellular parasitic viruses that rely on host cell mechanisms for replication, so nanotechnology may be a potential solution.
The tunable properties and demonstrated potential of nanomaterials make them a promising alternative to current antiviral drugs. The use of these tools can be used to prevent future epidemics and pandemics.
Published in: Equipment/Technical News | Medical News | Medical Research News | Disease/Infection News
Tags: antibodies, antibodies, antiviral drugs, bacteria, cells, copper, coronavirus, coronavirus disease COVID-19, curcumin, cytoplasm, diarrhea, drugs, fluorescence, glycoprotein, gold nanoparticles, H1N1, H3N2, HIV, Immune response, influenza, intracellular, membrane, MERS-CoV, mutation, nanoparticle, nanotechnology, nasopharyngeal, oxygen, epidemic, pathophysiology, personal protective equipment, polymerase, PPE, protein, receptor, respiratory system, Respiratory diseases, respiratory viruses, RNA, SARS, SARS-CoV-2, sepsis, severe acute respiratory system, severe acute respiratory syndrome, silver nanoparticles, siRNA, structural proteins, syndromes, therapeutics, vaccines, viruses
Ramya has a PhD. Pune National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL) Biotechnology major. Her work includes functionalizing nanoparticles with different biological molecules, studying reaction systems and building useful applications.
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