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Hydroxyapatite (HA) and gold nanoparticles (AuNP), as powerful competitors widely used in biomedical technology, have attracted more and more attention in nano research. Researchers in the "Materials Research Letters" magazine recently developed a biosynthetic hydroxyapatite gold nanocomposite (Au/HA), which shows enhanced antibacterial and antioxidant activity.

Research: Biosynthetic gold nanoparticles doped with hydroxyapatite as an antibacterial and antioxidant nanocomposite material. Image: Butterfly Pea (Clitoria ternatea), Image Credit: YuRi Photolife / Shutterstock 

Compared with other metal nanomaterials, gold nanoparticles show high performance against a variety of pathogens, and have antibacterial and antioxidant properties. In recent years, because hydroxyapatite is similar to the minerals in human hard tissues in bones and teeth, it has attracted more and more interest and applications in biomedicine.

Schematic diagram of Au/HA synthesis. Image source: Materials Research Letters

Therefore, the development of a new biosynthetic hydroxyapatite gold nanocomposite (Au/HA) is exciting because of its potential as an innovative material. The main purpose of nanocomposite materials will be applied to the field of biomedicine.

"Nanocomposites exhibit antioxidant activity, which provides a reference for the design and development of new antibacterial materials for various applications, especially as antibacterial ingredients in biomedical technology," said lead author, Professor Is Fatimah from Islamic University of Indonesia .

The biosynthesis of nanoparticles is a direct, single-step, environmentally friendly green method. The biochemical process in biological preparations reduces the dissolved metal ions to nano-metals. The different biological agents used in this process, such as plant tissues, fungi, bacteria, etc., are used for the biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles.

The researchers used the Clitoria ternatea flower extract used in the synthesis of hydroxyapatite to develop their nanocomposite by reducing chloroauric acid (HAuCl4), the precursor of gold nanoparticles. The main purpose of this research is to analyze the structure of composite materials and conduct antibacterial tests on various strains including Escherichia coli.

SEM images and XRF spectra of HA and Au/HA. Image source: Materials Research Letters

Hydroxyapatite of biological or synthetic origin is currently being used in bone repair and regeneration scenarios; usually a granular form is used in combination with scaffolding support. This material can be used alone or as a part of composite materials of ceramics, polymers and even certain metal groups to help repair or rebuild hard tissues.

As mentioned earlier, part of the reason for the use of hydroxyapatite is the similarity of its composition to the bone material. In addition to its similar composition, hydroxyapatite also exhibits good biocompatibility with soft tissues (muscles, skin, and gums).

Many serious bone defects are caused by degenerative diseases, high-impact trauma, and tumor limitation, and cannot be repaired by the body's natural self-healing mechanisms. Therefore, biotechnology solutions are needed to solve these problems.

However, the researchers believe that in order to solve some of the limitations imposed by the use of hydroxyapatite, the development of new nanocomposite materials will help to produce more complex and effective materials to promote practical applications.

Due to the rapid development of nanoscience and nanotechnology, nanoparticle-based biomaterials are increasingly sought after in certain fields of biomedical technology (such as tissue engineering).

TEM and HRTEM images of HA and Au/HA. Image source: Materials Research Letters

Gold nanoparticles are non-toxic and can be easily obtained using a variety of synthetic methods. They show great potential for enhancing antibacterial effects. This antibacterial effect is the result of the interaction between the material and the cell barrier or biomolecules within the bacteria.

Although previous research has hinted at the therapeutic potential of gold nanoparticles, the true antibacterial effect is considered a gray area and is a controversial claim in some respects. However, the advanced properties of nanomaterials provide opportunities to explore and enhance their antibacterial activity in clinical applications.

In addition, more and more evidences show that gold nanoparticles are expected to become osteoinductive biomaterials for bone tissue engineering and regeneration. Gold nanoparticles are also widely used in the preparation of biological therapies, including photothermal therapy, drug delivery systems, diagnostic reagents, and biosensors.

Fatimah and her team recorded that their nanocomposites can indeed be used as reference points for the design of antibacterial and antioxidant materials. For comparison, the team separately tested biosynthetic nanocomposites against gold nanoparticles and hydroxyapatite.

Although gold nanoparticles show the greatest antibacterial activity, composite materials also show "strong" antibacterial activity, which is related to the ability of gold nanoparticles to destroy bacterial membranes.

"The composite material shows that the nanoparticles dispersed in the composite material have an impact on uniformity and antibacterial activity," Fatima said.

In addition, the composite material also exhibits good antioxidant activity, which makes the nanocomposite material a good candidate for potential applications in the development of advanced artificial organs.

Therefore, this research has demonstrated excellent theoretical innovations in its biosynthesis of hydroxyapatite gold nanocomposites and predicting potential future clinical uses.

Is Fatimah, Putwi Widya Citradewi, Amri Yahya, Bambang Nugroho, Habibi Hidayat, Gani Purwiandono, Suresh Sagadevan, Sheikh Ghazali and Shariff Ibrahim, "Biosynthetic gold nanoparticles doped with hydroxyapatite as antibacterial and antioxidant nanocomposites", Materials Research Letters, https: 2021 //iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2053-1591/ac3309/meta

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David is an academic researcher and interdisciplinary artist. David's current research explores how science and technology, especially the Internet and artificial intelligence, can be put into practice to influence a new shift towards utopianism and the reemergence of commons theory.

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