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Climate change has made the development of green and clean energy solutions a global priority. Solar energy is already a widely accepted technology that provides a renewable and clean energy that can be fed back to the grid or stored. Now, a collaborative study recently published in the journal Cell Reports Physical Science shows how the use of mesoporous carbon can potentially improve the stability and performance of perovskite photovoltaic cells.
Research: The light-induced performance of carbon-based perovskite solar modules has improved stability for 20 years. Photo Credit: aleks333/Shutterstock.com
However, one of the limitations of solar technology is usually related to the stability and lifespan of the materials used to make perovskite solar cells. Therefore, improving the stability of perovskite photovoltaic materials has become one of the main goals of practical applications.
m-CPSM structure and stability test results. (A) Schematic diagram of m-CPSM structure: 3-cell module, with an aperture area of 1.92 cm2. (B) Damp heat (85 °C/85% RH) results of (5-AVA)0.05(MA)0.95PbI3 and Cs0.1FA0.9PbI3. (C) Thermal cycling (-40 °C to 85 °C) result of (5-AVA)0.05(MA)0.95PbI3. (B and C) Each value is normalized to its initial value. Image source: Eiji Kobayashi et al., Cell Reports Physical Science
A group of researchers claimed that mesoporous carbon may improve the stability and performance of perovskite photovoltaic cells; the encapsulated mesoporous carbon solar micromodules still maintain more than 92% of their initial performance after 3000 hours of damp and heat aging. Equivalent to 20 years of stability in actual outdoor use.
Generally, the lack of stability under long-term light immersion (LS) is one of the inherent characteristics of perovskite batteries, which hinders the development of this technology to a certain extent. A phenomenon related to photostability is light-induced degradation (LID), also known as metastable state.
However, because the reaction between methylammonium (the key material of the perovskite layer) and ammonium 5-valerate triggers a reversible light-induced phenomenon, the battery in this study can exhibit such excellent performance attributes and stability.
"This stability is attributed to the phenomenon of light-induced performance improvement. The mechanism is related to the formation of a quasi-two-dimensional perovskite/metal oxide interface by the organic molecules 5-ammonium valerate and methylammonium. Positive impact,” Kishu’s lead author and researcher Dr. Eiji Kobayashi explained to Giken Industry Co., Ltd.
Therefore, the positive effect on charge transport and ion migration increased the absolute gain in efficiency by 1.4% (relatively 16%) in 10 minutes, and maintained relative stability for approximately 100 hours. An outstanding finding is that this effect exhibits a "reversible improvement" performance, returning to the original efficiency when stored in the dark, and increasing again under low light conditions.
Apparent capacitance obtained from EIS data of m-CPSM with (5-AVA)0.05MA0.95PbI3 and Cs0.1FA0.9PbI3 (C = Im(Z-1)ω-1) (A) C during storage cycle The evolution of the value is in the dark for 10 hours, 1-sun LS for 10 minutes, and then stored again in the dark for 10 minutes at low frequency (≤10 Hz). (B) C value in a wide frequency range (106 to 106 Hz), Vdc = 0, 1, 1.5 and 2 V. Dark capacitance (left) and photo capacitance (right). Image source: Eiji Kobayashi et al., Cell Reports Physical Science
"Our investigation shows that this phenomenon is related to the built-in electric field generated by LS or device bias and the content of MA cations and 5-ammonium iodide (5-AVAI) additives," Kobayashi said.
Perovskite is used to describe any material or compound that has a crystal structure similar to natural minerals. It is also called perovskite (a type of perovskite oxide mineral). It was first discovered by Gustav Rose in the Ural Mountains of Russia in 1839. Named after the Russian mineralogist Lev Perovski.
The mesoporous carbon perovskite solar cell (m-CPSM) device made by Kobayashi and his colleagues uses commercial-grade substrates and monolithic electrodes: this includes layers of titanium oxide (TiO2) and zirconium dioxide (ZrO2).
These layers are then fixed with a thermoplastic resin using an encapsulation process, and then deposited on the fluorine-doped tin oxide glass. One of the main findings of the stability test is that due to the use of a new packaging process, the technology successfully prevented oxygen and moisture-related degradation: "As far as we know, this marks the highest stability of perovskite solar equipment. "Xiao Lin said.
In addition, the LS test using a commercial light source shows that the LS effect can be activated even if the indoor illuminance is as low as 200 lux. In addition to the MA and 5-AVA content of the perovskite, the LS effect is closely related to the intrinsic electric field generated by the LS or device bias.
Therefore, the LS processing and technology described by the researchers can promote accurate evaluation, stable operation and improved performance, all of which promote the practical application of perovskite photovoltaics.
The schematic diagram of the increase in the reversible light-induced performance of m-CPSM shows the significant evolution of MA ion migration at the interface between TiO2 nanoparticles (m-TiO2) and quasi-2D perovskite during LS: (i) ion migration is determined by quasi-2D perovskite The light absorption in the activator activates the two-dimensional perovskite. In essence, perfect perovskite crystals will not cause ion migration, but the perovskite crystal defects in the mesoporous electrode are more prone to ion migration. Although the presence of quasi-two-dimensional perovskite crystals on the surface of m-TiO2 makes ion migration difficult, the quasi-two-dimensional crystals unravel during LS, which may lead to ion migration. (ii) Photo-assisted ion migration helps the interface charge accumulation, and as a result, the performance is improved due to the easy electron transport. (iii) During storage under dark conditions, the migrated ions return to the quasi-two-dimensional perovskite. (iv) The performance is restored to a low initial value. Image source: Eiji Kobayashi et al., Cell Reports Physical Science
In addition, Kobayashi and his team used processes and materials that are compatible with the industry, and they expect light immersion treatment to be equally effective for large commercial equipment.
At present, mainstream solar technology (mainly silicon-based photovoltaics) has reached the practical and economical photovoltaic efficiency limit, and improvements to perovskite cells will enable solar cell manufacturers to surpass any limiting performance barriers.
In addition, these advances may change the solar cell market and accelerate the growth and mass production of perovskite solar cells. This is especially important because after the recent COP26 summit, the carbon emission clock is now close to 2050, so taking perovskite out of the laboratory and into scalable production may revolutionize the clean energy industry.
Eiji Kobayashi, Ryuki Tsuji, David Martineau, Andreas Hinsch, Seigo Ito, "The light-induced performance of carbon-based perovskite solar modules has improved stability for 20 years," Cell Reports Physical Science. 2021. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666386421003702?via=ihub
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David is an academic researcher and interdisciplinary artist. David's current research explores how science and technology, especially the Internet and artificial intelligence, can be put into practice to influence a new shift towards utopianism and the reemergence of commons theory.
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