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Zinc oxide nanoparticles (NP) have been used for various purposes in the years after the initial synthesis. A team behind the latest research published in the journal Scientific Reports has developed a new method of producing zinc oxide NP using E. Angustifolia L. extract.
Research: Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Elaeagnus angustifolia L. leaf extract and its various in vitro biological applications. Image Credit: TYNZA/Shutterstock
Although classical methods have been successful in NP production, their shortcomings, especially toxic by-products and expensive equipment and components, have always been a major problem.
This latest research effectively solves all these problems. Nanoparticles are effectively synthesized, and their physical and chemical properties and reactivity are thoroughly verified. The study also successfully demonstrated the biocompatibility of these particles. Therefore, the applicability of ZnONPs in biomedical applications and clinical development has been effectively proved.
Figure 1. (a) UV-Vis spectrum, EDX and FTIR analysis of ZnONPs (a) UV; (b) EDX; (c) infrared spectrum.
Although the classical method has successfully synthesized nanoparticles, the cost and toxic emissions have forced researchers to find new environmentally friendly methods.
Zinc oxide nanoparticles have been identified as a very suitable type of nanoparticles and have been successfully used in various industries, such as ointment, adhesives, dyes, pottery manufacturing and various ceramic production industries.
Biomedical applications include antioxidant and antiviral applications, as well as integration into various products due to biomedical compatibility.
Elaeagnus Angustifolia L. is a unique nitrogen-fixing thorny plant that contains a variety of phytochemical components, such as sugar, caffeic acid, vitamins and sugar minerals. Its extract is very useful for users as an analgesic and against infections and diseases such as arthritis and jaundice. All these characteristics make this type of material an automatic choice for nanoparticle production.
(a, b) SEM analysis of ZnONPs from biological sources (c) TEM analysis of ZnONPs from biological sources. Image source: Iqbal, J. et al., "Science Reports"
The latest research in the scientific report implements the property determination and verification process while following ethical and pre-determined guidelines. The plant was collected from Parachinar in Pakistan, washed with deionized water, dried, and stored in an airtight bottle for implementation during the study.
The synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles was performed according to a standard defined by mixing 1 g of zinc nitrate hexahydrate with 100 mL of leaf extract. As with the synthesis process, other related procedures have also been carried out, such as thorough analysis of biocompatibility potential, verification of enzyme inhibition, test of antibacterial activity, verification of antifungal effect, and test of anticancer and antiviral potential of nanoparticles.
All these processes have been carefully executed, and the results and characteristics have been verified through published literature to obtain accurate characteristics and synthesize environmentally friendly ZnONP which is very beneficial for biomedical applications.
The research in the scientific report showed that the color of the solution of the mother mixture of zinc nitrate hexahydrate and leaf extract changed from light brown to yellow-black.
This is a confirmation of the reduction process that has taken place, which converts zinc ions into zinc oxide nanoparticles. The detection and analysis of biologically active compounds were completed by FT-IR analysis, and the biomolecule identification was successfully carried out by spectroscopic technology.
Scanning electron microscopy analysis confirmed that spherical ZnO nanoparticles were obtained, the size of which was estimated to be about 26 nm by Scherrer's equation. The next important step is to confirm biomedical compatibility.
The test was performed by exposing the red blood cells to ZnONP to evaluate the hemolytic properties. The test results showed that at the highest dose of 100 µg mL-1, the hemoglobin release rate was 27.38%. This value is a comprehensive proof of the biological safety, non-toxicity and compatibility of ZnO nanoparticles.
This further test successfully demonstrated the enzyme's inhibitory ability, antibacterial and antifungal properties, antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-leishmaniasis potential of nanoparticles, successfully declaring them as the most suitable synthetic products.
Describe the research protocol for the synthesis, characterization and biological applications of ZnONPs. Image source: Iqbal, J. et al., "Science Reports"
This research has indeed completely changed the nanoparticle synthesis process. This environmentally friendly, economical, and anti-toxic process will soon be widely used in anti-cancer, nanoparticle synthesis and biomedical applications. Leaf extract has unique anti-toxic properties, making NP safe and biocompatible.
The study successfully identified various biomedical applications of such nanoparticles and described the dose-dependent operating behavior of such particles. Therefore, it can be said with certainty that these particles are safe for biomedical applications and other processes that need to inhibit the growth of microorganisms.
In the future, more biological and laboratory mechanism studies of various animal models are needed to evaluate their biosafety relevance in many biologically active metabolites.
Iqbal, J., Abbasi, BA, Yaseen, T., Zahra, SA, Shahbaz, A., Shah, AS,... Ahmed, P. (2021). Using Elaeagnus angustifolia L. leaf extract to green synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles and their various in vitro biological applications. Scientific report. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-99839-z
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Ibtisam graduated from the Islamabad Institute of Space Technology with a bachelor's degree in aerospace engineering. During his academic career, he participated in multiple research projects and successfully managed multiple extracurricular activities such as International World Space Week and International Aerospace Engineering Conference. Ibtisam participated in an English essay competition during his undergraduate course and has always been interested in research, writing and editing. Soon after graduation, he joined AzoNetwork as a freelancer to improve his skills. Ibtisam likes to travel, especially to the countryside. He has always been a sports fan and likes watching tennis, football and cricket. Ibtisam was born in Pakistan and one day hopes to travel the world, build strong bonds of friendship, and spread the message of peace and love.
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